![]() This sentiment led to book burnings and the association of magical practitioners with heresy and witchcraft. With the ascent of Christianity, books on magic were frowned upon, and the spread of magical practices was often associated with paganism. The pseudepigraphic Testament of Solomon, one of the oldest magical texts, narrates Solomon's use of a magical ring to command demons. King Solomon of Israel was linked with magic and sorcery, attributed to a book with incantations for summoning demons. Early Christianity saw the use of grimoires by certain Gnostic sects, with texts like the Book of Enoch containing astrological and angelic information. Throughout history, various cultures have contributed to magical practices. Legendary figures like Hermes Trismegistus emerged, associated with writing and magic, contributing to the creation of magical books. The rise of the Coptic writing system and the Library of Alexandria further influenced the development of magical texts, which evolved from simple charms to encompass various aspects of life, including financial success and fulfillment. The magical system of ancient Egypt, deified in the form of the god Heka, underwent changes after the Macedonian invasion led by Alexander the Great. Ancient Egyptians also employed magical practices, including incantations inscribed on amulets. The history of grimoires can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia, where magical incantations were inscribed on cuneiform clay tablets. Although the term "grimoire" originates from Europe, similar magical texts have been found in diverse cultures across the world. They cover crafting magical objects, casting spells, performing divination, and summoning supernatural entities like angels, spirits, deities, and demons. Grimoires, also known as "books of spells" or "spellbooks," serve as instructional manuals for various magical endeavors. Initially, it held a connotation of low magic, implying fraudulent or deceptive mageia as opposed to theurgy, which was regarded as divine magic. The term "goetia" finds its origins in the Greek word "goes," which originally denoted diviners, magicians, healers, and seers. Goetia ( goh-eh-TEE-ah ) is a type of European sorcery, often referred to as witchcraft, that has been transmitted through grimoires-books containing instructions for performing magical practices.
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